The Great Gatsby Bibliography

The Great Gatsby Bibliography Barret, Laura. From Wonderland to Wasteland: The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, the Great Gatsby and the New American Fairy Tale. Papers on Language and Literature. 42.2. 2006; 150 153. Fitzgerald uses Gatsby to reflect his own perception on the American dream. Barret, however, in analyzing the New American Fairy Tale, classifies the novel as being an example of an Anti-Fairy Tale. The novel, according to Barret, illustrates The unreality of reality, a promise that the rock of the world was founded securely on a fairys wing (150). As such, the novel does not have a fairy tale ending, which is contrasted by the Wizard of Oz, which does have a more classic ending consistent with traditional fairy tales. Gatsby, as a result, paints the failure of the American dream twenty Five years later (150). Bloom, Harold. Gatsby. New York: Chelsea House, 1991. This book examines Gatsby as a romantic hero being entirely crafted from the perspective of the narrator Nick. According to the author, Nicks biased interpretation of Gatsby leaves the individuals essential qualities forever hidden (178). Bloom further explains, Gatsby depends on his efforts to translate the mysterious mans dramatic gestures into a revelation of their hidden significance (178). The reader, as a result, has to either accept the perspective of Nick or attempt to read between the lines to draw his/her own conclusions on what is really occurring. Canterbury, E. Ray. Thorsetin Veblen and The Great Gatsby.' Journal of Economic Issues. 33.2. 1999; 297-301. This particular article denotes the connection between the Gatsby narrative, the American Dream and Social Darwinism. According to the author, the point of view provided by Nick is outlining an American Dream that is unrelenting and that can swallow up those who dare seek it out. Like Darwinism, the only the most suitable and adaptable will survive. For Gatsby, his death at the end of the tale is a caution that he was ill equipped to deal with the rigors related to the pursuit of the American Dream. Rather than something to be celebrated, the American Dream and the pursuit thereof is something to be viewed with caution and scrutiny. Dyson, A.E. The Great Gatsby: Thirty Six Years After. F. Scott Fitzgerald: A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed. A. Mizener. New York: Prentice Hall, 1963. This article illustrated how the novel is distinctly American and is part of the cultural attributes of being an American and the American Dream for its respective era. For people reading the novel outs ide of the country, Dyson suggests that the novel still is of value; however, he suggests that some of the finer attributes that would be recognizable to an American would not be apparent to an outsider. Nick, as a narrator, takes some of these attributes for granted in the storytelling process. Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York, Scribner, 1995. As the primary source from which the study is being conducted, the use of this novel will be done with specific regards to critical statements that back the relevant theses. For example, the primary quotes that will be employed are those that reflect Nicks perspective on Gatsby. These will be coupled with outside character point of view perspectives on Gatsby when Nick switches from first to third person in the narrative. Two of the examples that will be employed of the third person nature are one conversation between Henry Gatz to Nick about Gatsby and one Jordan and Lucille talking about Gatsby. Giltrow, Janet and David Stouck. Style as Politics in The Great Gatsby. Studies in the Novel. 29.4. 1997; 476-480. This work pays particular attention to the historical era in which the novel was written with attention to Nicks role as a narrator. As the voice of the people living in that time, Nick is the medium by which those voices are heard and, as principle speaker in the text, he serves as a translator of the dreams and social ambitions of the people who surround him (476). Nicks voice, however, is suspect to interpretation and the reader is forced to figure out if Nick is critical of Gatsbys romantic notions or if Nick is truly a conservative reflection of the events that are taking place. Great Neck. The Columbia Encyclopedia. 6th Edition. Columbia University Press; New York, 2009. This particular article illustrated the Great Neck area and explains how the setting pertains to The Great Gatsby. According to the entry, geographically, Great Neck is located on the North Shore of Long Island in Nassau county. It is commutable proximity to New York City and is therefore a popular retreat for the rich as an opposition to city life. Fitzgerald lived in this area and based the fame novel on the region. Gross, Dalton and MaryJean Gross. Understand the Great Gatsby: A Student Casebook to Issues, Sources and Historical Documents. New York: Greenwood Press, 1998. Gross and Gross identify the basic plot of the novel as being fairly simple. On the other hand, it is the symbolism and mechanisms used by the author that makes the story compelling and classic. On a cursory glance, the novel simply recounts a story of man who takes on a life of crime to make the necessary money to woo a female from his past. When she finds about about his past, she rejects him and this ultimately leads to his downfall. Hawkes, Lesley. And One Fine Morning: Gatsby, Obama, and the Resurrection of Hope. Social Alternatives. 28.8. 2009; 20-24. Hawkes attempts to draw connections between the hope and the American Dream attributes of Gatsby to the recent Obama campaign in the United States. Gatsby, which is referred to as The unfinished American Epic, has a potential to be resurrected in modern times through hope and a new political paradigm (20). This article is not infallible and it has a high amount of personal bias, however, it does indicate how the novel is an enduri ng part of the American cultural experience. In terms of point of view, the entirety of the experience is based on the point of view provided by Nick, the novels narrator. Layng, George W. Fitzgeralds the great Gatsby. The Explicator. 56.2. 1998; 93-95. The point of view presented by Nick in The Great Gatsby is one that is able to articulate and make sense of the past in such a way that it is conveyed to the reader. According to Layng, Gatsbys decline is alluded to in the very next sentenceand Nick begins to save and assemble his own history. By the novels end, Gatsby is the ghost literally dead, his past with Daisy lost and nick emerges as the apostle-protagonist. (93).

literature :: essays research papers

Literature Based Instruction This article is part of a series drawn from work in the Handbook of Reading Research: Volume III (Kamil, Mosenthal, Pearson, & Barr, 2000). My reasoning for choosing this article is simple; I like to read to children and to tell them stories. I think we can make reading much more interesting if we get away from the Basal Readers and introduce children to all forms of literary works. *Literature-Based Instruction: A Rationale Definitions of literature-based instruction emphasize the use of high-quality literary works as the core instructional materials used to support literacy development A guiding principle of the literature-based perspective is that literacy acquisition occurs in a book-rich context where there is an abundance of purposeful communication and meaning is socially constructed. Literary works in such contexts include a wide range of materials: picture books, big books, predictable books, folk tales, fables, myths, fantasy, science fiction, poetry, contemporary realistic fiction, historical fiction, nonfiction informational books, and biographies. *Reading to young children has always been the most common practice for implementing literature-based instruction in preschool and primary classrooms. Anecdotes and observations drawn from case studies of children who have been read to frequently have described behaviors associated with early literacy development These cases demonstrate that young children who have been read to frequently know how to handle books and can identify the front of a book, the print to be read, and the appropriate direction for reading the print. How many times do we see older students with books that have not been taken care? How many times do we see young people sitting in a quiet spot just reading a book for enjoyment? If you could go back and check, you would probably find out that they were not read to as young children. Reading stories is not a magical activity for literacy development; it is the quality of the interaction that occurs during reading that results in positive effects, rather than just the storybook reading itself. The article states â€Å"that storybook reading sessions in classrooms are often not of sufficient quality to engage students fully and to maximize literacy growth. Reading stories as an act in itself does not necessarily promote literacy; attitudes and interaction enhance the potential of the read-aloud event for promoting literacy development.

no sugar :: essays research papers

Throughout Australian history a racist attitude towards Aboriginals has been a significant issue. From the moment the early settlers arrived on our shores and colonised, the Aboriginals have been fighting for the survival of their culture. The Aboriginals haven been take in and dominated to bring them in line with an idealistic European society. These themes have been put forward by Jack Davis in his stage play, No Sugar, the story of an Aboriginal family’s fight for survival during the Great Depression years. Admittedly Davis utilises his characters to confront the audience and take them out of their comfort zone, showing them the reality of Aboriginal treatment. This is an element of the marginalisation that Jack Davis uses through out the play this starts from the beginning where he discomforts the audience by using an open stage. One character that Davis uses through out the play is A.O. Neville, Davis uses him to portray the issue of power, this is a very important issue that is carried through out the play. Through out the play aboriginals are marginalised they are told where to go what to do and how to go about life. The play was staged on a perambulate model, meaning that the action of the play shifts between many locations. There is the town of Northam with the Police Station and two Cells, the Main Street and the Government Well Aboriginal Reserve. Then there is The Moore River Native Settlement with the Superintendent’s office, the Millimurra family’s tent and the Aboriginal camp at Long Pool. There is also the Chief Protectors Office and the Western Australian Historical Society in Perth and an area by the railway line. This allows for marginalisation between the audience and the play. This can be perceived as some what payback by Jack Davis for the marginalisation that the Europeans forced upon the aboriginals. Contrasting dialogue is also found within the play’s Aboriginal cast. It is not uncommon for a character to begin a sentence in English, only to lead in to Nyoongah words as they proceed: GRAN: I’m warrah, gnuny tjenna minditj, and I got no gnummarri. (Act Two Scene Two) This provokes a reaction from white audiences where we rely on hand gesture to comprehend the play, while also begging the question as to why they speak in such a way. Language is used as a symbol for their culture, a culture that is split between white and blacks; this is just one more tactics that Jack Davis uses to marginalise.

Humorous Wedding Speech from the Father of the Bride -- Wedding Toasts

Humorous Wedding Speech from the Father of the Bride Distinguished guests, those of dubious distinction and those of no distinction, family, relatives, in-laws and outlaws, young and old, friends, friends of friends, freeloaders and hangers-on – let me extend a warm welcome to Meradith and Naren’s wedding reception celebration. Winston Churchill was apparently asked to address a prep school and he got up and said, â€Å"Never, Never, Never give up!† then he sat down. Well you are not going to get away quite as easily as that, but I will try to be brief. There aren’t many people who find themselves in the position I find myself in today. I’m married, 35 and I have two sons, yet I find myself in the role of â€Å"Father of the Bride†, but as I am Meradith’s brother I consider it a great honour and would like to say how proud I am to be giving away my beautiful baby sister today. I know I speak on behalf of my mother and the rest of Meradith’s family when I say how proud we are today to see Meradith looking so beautiful, finally married to Naren. During the time we have known him we have come to realise how special he is to Meradith, and everyone can see how they are made for each other. He is really likable and easy going, and we are happy to welcome him formally into our family. At this point in the proceedings, it is traditional to bring up an embarrassing moment from Meradith’s past or to highlight ... ...uite hard to carry out. You must both realise that marriage isn’t easy, but it’s not impossible. Many of us know that everyone faces ups and downs in a life commitment. There is no secret to a happy marriage. You’ll both have to work at it, like many of us. There is no challenge in a marriage that cannot be overcome by the following three, three-word sentences. These are: I was wrong! You were right! I love you! Meradith and Naren, Here’s to the past for all that you’ve learned Here’s to the present for all that you share And here’s to the future for all that you can look forward to together. Ladies and Gentlemen, please be upstanding, and raise your glasses to Meradith and Naren

Key to happiness

The term toxic is defined as the â€Å"suffering from exposure to poisonous substances†. We sometimes refer to ourselves as toxic when we need to get so many things done. Productivity, if not controlled, or if forced to increase, can be harmful and therefore, toxic. While it is the blood that runs through the vines of workers and employees, it could become the poison that would kill the system if it goes out of hand. The workers do not notice that in the long run they will lose all their energy and productivity would decline along with their will to work.Everybody seems to have a task to accomplish even during weekends. When it rains, it pours. This is not only applicable to problems in life, but to the tasks in school or in the workplace as well. We are compelled to accomplish so much in so little time that we neglect out health and our relationships in life. Sometimes, we think accomplishing more work in shorter time period would make us more productive, but in reality, it j ust makes us tired with no energy left for the coming tasks. The whole American society has become a walking and talking group of people who live and breathe work and productivity because as others think, working more brings in more money which spells happiness.On the contrary, though, this addiction to work could be attributed to the fact that this society promotes achievement and perfection. In an environment where people thrive on stress, it is but normal to see employees who still work even on vacation. Their jobs have become their lives and they cannot seem to have the ability to detach themselves from it even just for a while. Many professionals today think that they have to achieve superhuman productivity in order to be worthy in the workplace.They are often tormented by guilt and anxiety to deliver their best in their jobs.   It seems that their happiness lie in the work that they bury their heads into. The relation that exists between the mind and the body is very intimat e. When one is affected, the other sympathizes. The condition of the mind affects the health to a far greater degree than many realize. Many of the diseases from which men suffer are the result of mental depression. Grief, anxiety, discontent, remorse, guilt, distrust, all tend to break down the life forces, and to invite decay and death.Disease is sometimes produced, and is often greatly aggravated, by the imagination. Many are lifelong invalids who might be well if they only thought so. Many imagine that very slight exposure will cause illness, and the evil disease, the cause of which is wholly imaginary. Courage, hope, faith, sympathy, love, promote health and prolong life. A contended mind, a cheerful spirit, is health to the body and strength to the soul. â€Å"A merry [rejoicing] heart doeth good like a medicine.† In the treatment of the sick, the effect of mental influence should not be overlooked. Rightly used, this influence affords one of the most effective agencies for combating disease. I tend to disagree that people need to lessen their desires just so they can achieve happiness.In Joe Robinson’s Blackberry’s Don’t Fit in Bikinis, he discussed how the American society is fast becoming a society struck with Obsessive-Compulsive Productivity or OCP. The article talked about how vacation or other leisure activities could actually increase productivity. The article gave emphasis on the fact that people need to rest and recharge in order to increase productivity. It is necessary for the human mind to rest to be able to have the ability to think and work again. There is the continuous wanting for more. Perhaps it is this kind of obsession that I am against.Robinson put it best when he used the term Obsessive-Compulsive Productivity to describe what is wrong with most American workers in the present time. This is the fixation to put out results althroughout the workday. It can also be considered an addiction as the people with this are usually workaholics. They are obsessed with accomplishing their tasks and work endlessly to deliver what is expected from them. They usually aim high and expect a lot from themselves and from others.â€Å"Nearly 40% of Americans work more than 50 hours a week (Robinson Undated).† This is not surprising since it is a known fact that the nation has an insistent work ethic. What is alarming is that they work even on vacation and cannot really give themselves the break that they need and deserve. They rarely disconnect from work and they even bring their tasks in the comfort of their own homes. Naturally, they do not get much sleep and lack the rest and recreation that they badly need. Happiness must not be equated with just the work that they do but with people and relationships.In a way, this could be attributed to the high-maintenance lifestyle of the Americans. They need to earn more in order to maintain the lifestyle that they have. Thus, they feel like they have t o earn much to provide for their families. They tend to prioritize their careers over their families, which destroys the very essence of keeping a family.  Some are just plain overachievers. They set high expectations and goals for themselves and they work very hard to make sure that their outputs meet the objectives that they set. The problem with this kind of employees is that they get frustrated easily when they do not reach their goals or when their co-employees fail to meet their expectations.The American society should be alarmed because if this behavior continues until the following years, most of the employees will be victims of burnouts, they will not be able to perform well, thus productivity will eventually decrease and will result into low turnout of outputs in the workplace. The values that are being instilled in the minds of the young ones will be the same as the values kept by their predecessors. Americans place a high value on their competence and ability to do the tasks given to them. Their self-worth largely depends on what they are capable to do more than what they are made of. This will be passed on to the next generation and a new generation of workaholics in the society will be created.Americans do not realize that the quality of life is sacrificed because of these misconceptions about work and productivity. When one’s life revolves around his career, his relationships suffer. He does not have much time even for himself, how much more for other people? This is dangerous because in time the nation will become a nation obsessed with accomplishments and work productivity, not valuing what truly matters in this life like family and friends. In fact, the personal well-being is at stake because not only do these employees tend to sacrifice their families, they disregard their health as well.â€Å"A study last year by the University of Massachusetts Medical School found that chronic 12-hour workdays increase your risk of illness or inj ury by 37%. Work without time to think, analyze or recharge feeds knee-jerk performance and the hurry-worry of stress. Everything appears urgent when there isn’t time to judge what is truly urgent and what isn’t (Robinson undated).†Robinson emphasizes the importance of taking a vacation and really enjoying it. Every faithful employee must have the chance to detach themselves from their offices at least at a regular given time period. They should be able to stop and smell the flowers and then get back to work. They will not necessarily slack off but just a slow down a little. Some cannot detach themselves from their work that even on vacation, they always put their work first. A vacation would provide the mind to rest for a while and prepare it for the challenges ahead. It will slow down the processing and give the mind and the body the opportunity to re-energize and prepare for the coming tasks.Studies also showed that the performance in the workplace drastically improves after a vacation. The H Group, an investment services company in Salem, Oregon, doubled the income after the owner, Ron Kelemen increases the time off of the employees to three and a half weeks (Robinson 2006).   Another example is Jancoa, a Cincinnati cleaning company. When they changed to a three-week vacation policy, the productivity of their workers flew high enough to cut overtime and the profits increased to fifteen percent (Robinson 2006).  This just proves and shows that continuous productivity is not the answer to job competence and efficiency. It is wise to sit back for a while and do no work than to continuously work, produce mediocre outputs and get tired in the process.If not properly monitored, this might go on and on and will be passed to the next generation of employees who will also be obsessed with productivity. It looks like the trend is most likely to continue in the future because at the rate we are going, we will not just going to be a society, bu t a nation of workaholics. We should really learn to stop and smell the flowers, we should learn to rest for a while and enjoy a vacation.Obsessive-compulsive productivity is likely to continue in the future because there are no indications that the society is going to change soon. The technological innovations aggravate the situation. The more gadgets are produced to make work easier for humans, the more they will be addicted to productivity. These technological gadgets have a deep effect on the values of American employees. We firmly believe that because these equipment exists, we need to get more work done in the least possible time. What we do not know that these innovations were developed for us to finish our work faster and have more time for rest and recreation.All work and no play make John a doll boy. This is especially true for the students in the university and the corporate people in the business district. We need to let ourselves rest for a while, then wake up to get ba ck to work. Because if we just go through, we might not have enough energy left after a couple of years. Contrary to what other people think that they should work and work and work to get there, it is better if they should work and rest to go back again, or work and rest in the weekend, and then go back to work.Dr. Steven E. Hyman is Director of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), the component of the National Institutes of Health charged with generating the knowledge needed to understand, treat and prevent mental illness. He continues to direct an active research program in molecular neurobiology focused on how neurotransmitters, especially dopamine and glutamate, alter the expression of genes in the striatum producing long-term changes in neural function that can influence behavior. Hillary Clinton was a former First Lady who was elected to the United States Senate and the first woman elected stateswide in New York.Given this background, we can say that all these autho rs are experts in their own fields of expertise. They are biased about their topics because they had been exposed to that all their lives. They have conducted the results of studies similar to these for many years. That accounts for their respective biases. One need not lessen one’s wants because this will also create uneasiness. |One just have to be happy with what he has and then strive and plan for the best.Sometimes, this inclination for more is a mental disease. I am inclined to support the theory that mental illness is indeed a disease and is treatable. This could be called the â€Å"organic† theory which supports the biochemical causation of mental disease. This holds that what we call the mind is the interplay of the nerve cells of the body. Therefore, the mind, at the very least, is indirectly subject to the ordinary physical and chemical laws that govern those cells. I believe that even if a mental disorder arises from an outside stress, it is the neurons tha t respond to the stress either well or poorly, and the varying ability to respond to the stress healthfully must have its basis in a biochemical difference. Favoring the organic theory is the fact that some forms of mental disease have indeed been found to have a biochemical basis.Sad and dissatisfied for now, but we need not be in the future. People just need to me more aware and appreciative of the little things. Simple acts of love, safe arrivals, peaceful exchanges between neighboring countries and people helping each other are noteworthy events. We feed our minds either bleak or beautiful and happy imagery. Why not inspire ourselves and choose to be happy no matter what happens. Wanting to be happy and more loving on a sustained basis directs us to seek peaceful roads less traveled.REFERENCESBobgan, M and Bobgan, D. 1987. Mental Illness is Not a Disease. Mental Illness.  Greenhaven Press.Key to Happiness. http://www.heraldsun.com.au/?nk=43975a015ad5196135913d0f574b7afc-148838 8529Robinson, John. Blueberry’s Don’t Fit In Bikinis. Los Angeles Times. 2006.

European External Action Service Introduction Essay

European External Action Service Introduction Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To strengthen the European Union, make it more efficiency, make its projects more interesting and give it more profile, there was the need for the establishment of External European Action Service (EEAS). According to treaty of Lisbon signed in 2007, the establishment of EEAS was to be carried out by high representative council after consulting European parliament. Following this, on 25th march 2010 high representatives council sent a proposal for the establishment of EEAS to European Parliament. With discussions, negotiations, and consideration of various concerns, EEAS was approved for established by European government on 8 July 2010. Functions of external European action service   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The main aim why the external European action service was made is to enhance European Union global functions. It was created to make broad functions of European Union more Efficient and that is the base which creates the functions of the external European service action. The external European action service performs presidency and diplomatic functions. In the precedential role, the body assists the President of the European Council to carry out his responsibilities on foreign issues. In its diplomatic service, external European action service supports High representative who is also the vice president of the European commission (Eeckhout, 94).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The external European action service is responsible of coordinating the ministries of development and defense. From a development perspective, the external European action service plays a role of shaping strategy and programming development collaboration all over the word. The body combines the technical experts of the European commissions and the council’s political weight in the process of enhancing European Union role all over the world. On the side of defense, the body works under the European Union where they provide military support all over the word in the peace keeping process under the European Union policy of common security and defense (Austermann 70).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   External European action service maintains a good neighborhood relation with other countries. Most of the countries who border the European Union in sides are undergoing a political change. Under the policy of neighborhood, the external European action service work hard to ensure a solid union with those countries in the process of easing political transitions in those countries. Challenges external European action service face   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Integration is the key challenge that the external European action service is facing today. The body was formed recently and is still struggling to integrate bodies of the European Union which they work hand in hand for global role achievement. For example the security and defense body has is decision making council, this council decisions contradicts the decisions of the external European action service and thus they fail to agree on any issue. The efforts of external European Union to integrate this bodies end up fruitless because of lack of teamwork between the organs of the European Union (waele et. al, 251).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The external European action service is facing another main challenge of competition between the institutions. During the formation of external action service, the main bodies that were involved were the council and member state. Their main aim was to make external operations of the European Union effective. Other institutional took it as a plan to bring inter-institution competition. This altitude makes it difficult for the External action to operate because other institution performs their duties with the aim of competition and thus they can not agree with the decisions of the external European action service (Blocksman and Steven 23). Recommendations   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   More has to be done to increase authority and capacity of the external European action service in its operations. One, chairperson of the working groups of the external action should be permanently appointed other than the current system where the chair is rotational. The capacity of external European action service in handling major European Union policies should be increased. The policies that should be considered are; struggle against terrorism, energy security and environment among other policies (Boening et. al, 33).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The policy and planning capability of external European action service should be strengthened. This will enable the body to be more efficient on strategic issues and paper work planning. The external European action service should be provided with the necessary resources for it to function well this should be done after the staffing level review has been done. All this recommendations will ensure that the external European action service is efficient in its work. This will be an advantage to the European Union (Morgera 64). Relation to European Union Countries   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   External European action service ensures that there is strong cooperation between the European Union and European Union members on matters of foreign affairs and policy. This is done through the influence of the civil servants of both the European Union and European countries, where they establish a living link. External European action service has helped European Union to be stable on matters of foreign affairs and thus many countries have aspired to join the European Union. This has made the number of European Union members to rise where currently they are more than 28 (Brierly and Clapham 142). Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In conclusion, we have discussed about the functions, challenges, recommendations and relation of external European action service in this easy and we have seen that this organization is one of the strongholds of the European Union. The global picture of the European Union is reflected by this body and since the formation of the European action service the performance of the European Union has improved. More research on how this organization can be entrusted with more power and ways to solve the institution competition should be done. This will enable it to be more efficient in its operations. References Austermann, Frauke. European Union Delegations in Eu Foreign Policy: A Diplomatic Service of Different Speeds. , 2014. Internet resource. Blockmans, Steven. Fit for Purpose?: The European External Action Service One Year on. Oxford: Oxfam GB, 2012. Print. Boening, Astrid, Jan-Frederik Kremer, and Aukje . Loon. Global Power Europe: Volume 1. Berlin: Springer, 2013. Internet resource. Brierly, J L, and Andrew Clapham. Brierly’s Law of Nations: An Introduction to the Role of International Law in International Relations. , 2012. Print. Eeckhout, Piet. Eu External Relations Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011. Print. Morgera, Elisa. The External Environmental Policy of the European Union: Eu and International Law Perspectives. , 2012. Print. Waele, Henri C. F. J. A, and Jan-Jaap Kuipers. The European Union’s Emerging International Identity: Views from the Global Arena. , 2013. Print. Source document

Ethics and Issues in Counseling Essay

Question 1 a) Ethics are a list of conduct or principles drawn with the purpose of providing a guideline to what defines professional practice (Corey, 2009) while values are the basis of one’s thoughts or ideals in which decisions are generated (Manthei, 1997). Certain institutions derive their own core values to help provide a guide to â€Å"proper† behaviors. In simple terms, ethics are like â€Å"rules† within a society, culture or institution while values are like â€Å"policeman† in our mind, helping us determine between desirable and non-desirable behaviors while keeping in mind these â€Å"rules† that governs them (Dolgoff, Loewenberg & Harrington, 2008). The professional code of ethics is a guide designed to determine what constitutes professionalism in which governs the institution in the best interest of the values of the profession (Corey, 2009). It not only serves as a clarification to existing and future members of the institution or association governing it, but also helps supports the mission and vision of the institution or association. Its objective is to provide guidelines to practitioners, clarify the professional stand of institutions and organizations governing these practitioners, and at the same time protecting the rights of clients (consumers) (Corey, Corey & Callanan, 2003). The Professional Code of Ethics also helps to bound practitioners ethically so that they do not try to impose their own values onto others and behave as moral authorities. While the Professional Code of Ethics may be written as clear as possible and as comprehensive as possible, in reality there are person’s feelings, values, as well as emotions involved, which are absent during the compilation (Betan, 1997). The ACA Code of Ethics (2005) states â€Å"Counselors terminate a counseling relationship when it becomes reasonably apparent that the client no longer needs assistance, is not likely to benefit, or is being harmed by continued counseling.† The practitioner would be caught in a conflict when his agency deems the client fit to be discharged but he feels otherwise (Betan, 1997). Ethical guides may not be easily integrated into one of vast cultural diversity like that of Singapore as most of the Professional Code of Ethics were formulated within that of a Western context. As such, cultural, socioeconomic as well as linguistic differences may have been neglected in the process (Betan, 1997); while the code may hold autonomy of client at high regards, the cultural stand of the client may not be so. Confidentiality itself also poses a great arguing standpoint especially in a multicultural context whereby there are traditions as well as cultural rules to adhere to (Welfel, 2012). Another important point to not neglect while considering the limitations of the Professional Code of Ethics is its congruency towards the local state laws (Betan, 1997). For instance, one state regulation for consumption of alcohol may differ that from another. In putting ethics into consideration, practitioners should also be aware of their own local state laws. b) Two values that I value as important in life are honesty and being just, ie to try my best to make sure I give or receive equal treatments. Being a straightforward person, I believe in being honest at all times and to take responsibility for your own actions. I believe in giving others a benefit of doubt, unless I have concrete evidence that he/she is telling a lie. I uphold the value of equality; to treat others the way you would like to be treated. Thus, I try my very best not to be bias and constantly remind myself to stay in a neutral stand when others are involved. Because I believe strongly in always giving others the benefit of doubt, I would not doubt on the credibility of my clients’ words even though they might sound absurd. By doing so, it gains trust from clients and help in rapport building with clients. On the flip side, if the client is not a willing client, he might manipulate the trust I have and may try to lie and mislead me. Due to my eagerness to be non-bias and be fair and just as much as I can, I may end up trying to argue and inevitably try to prove myself when some clients at times show biasness towards me due to my experience and age. This  could hinder my work with them as I might try to convince them that they are being bias and indirectly in one way or another, try to argue or indirectly try hard to prove myself. This may come across to some as being argumentative, especially when I always have something to retort back whenever they say something negative, thus spoiling the therapeutic relationship. Of course, being non-bias is important in the counseling relationship as it helps one to not be judgmental and to always maintain a partial perspective. Question 2 The 6 moral principles forming the basis of functioning at the highest level of ethical profession as summarized by Corey et al. (2003, p.16) are autonomy, veracity, justice, nonmaleficence, beneficence, and fidelity. Autonomy refers to the rights or freedom to decide and make independent decisions or choices in one’s own accord within a social and cultural context. Thus, the respect for such autonomy brings about an acceptance that others have a right to choose and act in accordance to his own wishes, unless they hinder the rights of others (Altmaier & Hansen, 2011); practitioners aim at encouraging independence in client and discourage client’s dependency on him. Veracity or truthfulness refers to the practitioner being obliged to be truthful with his clients (Corey et al., 2003). The guideline in the Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct of the American Psychological Association (2002) states, â€Å"Psychologists do not make false, deceptive, or fraudulent statements†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (para. 5.01b) since trust is very important in building up a good therapeutic relationship with clients. Justice means to be fair by providing equal treatment to all regardless of culture, religion, race, gender, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, disability or age, as they are entitled to equal access and treatment (Corey et al, 2003). To be nonmaleficence means to not cause harm, including actions that might pose a risk to harm another (Altmaier & Hansen, 2011). Practitioners are responsible for their clients to ensure that their risks for exploitation or might result in potential harm are brought down to a minimal (Corey et al, 2003). Beneficence refers to promoting the good and the wellbeing of clients and of others, to help clients grow and develop in their cultural context as well as doing good in their social context (Corey et al, 2003). In short, practitioners are responsible towards contributing to the welfare and growth of another being (Altmaier & Hansen, 2011). Lastly but not least, fidelity means to be truthful in making honest and realistic commitments and honoring these commitments (Corey et al, 2003). It is very important to build a trusting relationship between the practitioners and the people whom they work with and thus practitioners are responsible to make sure they honor fidelity at least on their end (Altmairt & Hansen, 2011). Question 3 a) The 8 essential personal attributes of an effective counselor are emotional intelligence (EQ), warmth and care, unconditional positive attitude (regard), genuineness and authenticity, patience, analytical ability, person-centered and nurturing style of communication and lastly, clear and specific communication. Emotional intelligence is defined as the ability to be able to distinguish and have self-awareness of one’s own as well as others’ emotions and feelings, and to be able to use this and guide one’s behavior and thinking, hence encourages development of emotional closeness with the client (Coetzee & Jacobs, 2006). Warmth and care is important in the therapeutic relationship in rapport building as it helps show client that the practitioner is genuinely concern (Coetzee & Jacobs, 2006). When warmth and care is present, practitioner is more aware of client’s cognitive and  emotional needs and the relationship will be more accepting towards each other (Coetzee & Jacobs, 2006). Unconditional positive attitude (regard) is important because it challenges client’s beliefs that if they do not behave in a certain way, others would not accept them. Client had to be sure that his counselor would still see him in the same way after the ‘awful truth’ is made known (Dryden, 1999). The role of genuineness simply means to be yourself; to be sincere, transparent and not putting on a false front (Palmer & Milner, 2006). This role of being genuine and authentic is one that is most challenging, as it requires one to have very high level of self-awareness (Palmer & Milner, 2006). It is important for counselors to have this quality due to the high level of trust needed in order to build effective therapeutic relationship with clients. Patience is an important attribute as different types of clients requires different amount of time to build the trust with practitioners and to be able to open up. While some clients do not have difficulty expressing themselves, some of them do find great difficulty in doing so and would then require much more patience and time from the counselor. Analytical ability is important in listening as it helps the counselor to be able to analyze his own emotions as well as facial expressions while listening to the client (Singh, 2007). In terms of case study, analytical ability is also important to the counselor in helping him to analyze and decipher the bulk of information being presented to him (Singh, 2007). Person-centeredness style of communication refers to the ability to communicate to accept another as a complete unique individual (Wood, 2009). That is to say, counselors do not form pre-conceptualized ideas on how the person is like and not make assumptions during the conversation with client. Nurturing communication occurs when parties involved in the conversation relate to each other in a caretaking manner; indicating to each other that the relationship is being valued (Wood, 2009). Last but not least, clear and specific communication is very important in ensuring that the counseling session is being communicated in the way that it is meant to, without allowing either parties involved to have any misunderstandings after the session. b) If I were to choose 3 attributes that I think are important for myself to undergo the necessary personal transformation, it would be patience, analytical ability and unconditional positive regard. I think that I sometimes lack patience in a counseling session and tend to unknowingly try to rush the conversation by interrupting and not giving client enough time to think about what was being said or asked. Also at times, client may need time for reflection, resulting in pauses during the conversation. While I understand the importance of having such ‘quiet moments’ in a counseling session, I tend to be impatient and would unknowingly try to say something to fill up these ‘uneasy moments of silence’. Analytical ability is something, which I feel I am lacked of. I find myself ‘lost’ in long lengthy conversations at times and unable to ‘process’ huge amounts of information shared. I tend to be more straight-forth in my facial expressions too, and I hope to be more cautious in this area, thus being able to give information being shared more thoughts instead of just deciphering it from the surface level. To be able to achieve complete unconditional positive regard in a conversation is I feel, requires that of a high cognitive level. As every single individual comes from a different background and different culture and social environment, unconditional positive regards is important if counselors want to build on having a therapeutic relationship with client. Without it, clients would not want to return for further therapies or might refrain from sharing certain important information, which could be helpful in the therapeutic process. References: American Psychological Association. (2002). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. Washington, DC: Author. Altmaier, E.M. & Hansen, J.C. (2011). The Oxford Handbook of Counseling Psychology. NY: Oxford University Press Betan, E.J.(1997). Toward a hermeneutic model of ethical decision making in clinical practice. Ethics Behaviour, 7(4), 347-365. doi: 10.1207/s15327019eb0704_6 Coetzee, M. & Jacobs, H.R. (2006) Career Counselling and Guidance in the Workplace. Cape Town, South Africa: Juta and Company Corey, G. (2009). Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy (8th Ed, pp. 37) CA: Cengage Learning Corey, G., Corey, M.S. & Callanan, P. (2003). Issues and Ethics in the Helping Professions. (6Th Ed) CA: Brooks/Cole Dryden, W. (1999) Four Approaches to Counselling and Psychotherapy. NY: Routledge Dolgoff, R., Loewenberg, F.M. & Harrington, D. (2008). Ethical Decisions for Social Work Practice (8Th Ed, pp. 19-23) CA: Cengage Learning Manthei, R. (1997). Counselling: The Skills of Finding Solutions to Problems. NZ: Routledge Palmer, S. & Milner, P. (2006) Integrative Stress Counselling: A Humanistic Problem-Focused Approach. GB: Sage Publications Co. Singh, K. (2007). Counselling Skills for Managers. New Delhi: PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. Wood, J.T. (2009) Interpersonal Communication: Everyday Encounters. CA: Cengage Learning Welfel, E.R. (2012). 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